Hyaluronic acid, also called hyaluronic acid, is a glycosaminoglycan that naturally exists in the organism. Hyaluronic acid is an important component of cell matrix and various tissues, and has many important physiological functions, such as regulating cell proliferation , Migration and differentiation; natural moisturizing effect; lubricating joints to protect cartilage; regulating protein synthesis; regulating inflammation; regulating immune function; promoting wound healing. The unique viscoelasticity, biocompatibility and degradability of hyaluronic acid make it widely used in the field of biomedicine, including as an aid for ophthalmology surgery, anti-adhesion agent after surgery, skin wound healing and regeneration aid, and drug carrier , Tissue engineering scaffold, etc.
ok of The Ancient Medicine of Abel, 1500 BC.The Ayurvedic texts describe the aphrodisiac effects of the herb.In ancient Egypt, fenugreek was used to relieve labor pains and other types of abdominal pain.
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Hyaluronic acid is a white amorphous solid, odorless, highly hygroscopic, soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents. In the molecular structure of hyaluronic acid, the hydrophilic groups are all in the parallel position of the sugar ring, and the hydrophobic hydrogen atoms form a hydrophobic area in the axial direction. Due to the hydrogen bond between the molecular chain monosaccharides, the hyaluronic acid molecular chain In space, a rigid cylindrical spiral structure is formed. In an aqueous solution, the molecular chain of hyaluronic acid assumes an expanded random coil structure. These hyaluronic acid chains will also become entangled with each other at lower concentrations, forming a continuous three-dimensional network structure with unique rheological properties. Water molecules are fixed in the network formed by hyaluronic acid molecules through hydrogen bonds and are not easily lost. Studies have shown that hyaluronic acid can absorb water about 1000 times its own weight, and it is the best water-holding natural substance found in nature. A 1% solution can form a gel, but it flows easily under pressure and can pass through the narrow passage of the injection needle. It is a pseudoplastic material. The extraordinary rheological properties of hyaluronic acid solutions make it an ideal lubricant, capable of separating the surfaces of most tissues and allowing them to slide along each other.
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Hyaluronic acid is an important component of the extracellular matrix. In the past, hyaluronic acid was regarded as a simple space-filling substance, and then people gradually realized its importance. Due to the high water absorption of hyaluronic acid, its primary role in the human body is structural support and moisturizing. It provides lubrication and shock absorption for cells and other extracellular matrix components (including collagen and elastin). Regulate the water balance of tissues and provide a convenient environment for cell migration and value-added. There are a large number of negatively charged carboxyl groups on the hyaluronic acid skeleton, which play an ion exchange role and can adjust the concentration of cations around the cell. In addition, hyaluronic acid also acts as a signal transduction molecule. It participates in cell signal transduction and regulates various activities of cells by binding to the extracellular matrix and various protein receptors on the cell membrane, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. , Adhesion, etc., thereby playing a role in regulating the physiological functions of the body. For example, hyaluronic acid can promote the accumulation of white blood cells in the inflammation site by binding to the CD44 receptor, thereby promoting the body’s immune and anti-inflammatory effects. This signal regulation effect of hyaluronic acid is related to its molecular weight. Hyaluronic acid of different molecular weight triggers different signal pathways. High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid exhibits anti-angiogenic, scar-inhibiting and anti-inflammatory effects, while low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (<100kDa) exhibits pro-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, scar formation, and angiogenesis effects. The role of. The cause of this difference is currently inconclusive.
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One hypothesis is that high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid has the effect of accumulating receptor proteins on the cell membrane, while low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid does not have this effect, causing differences in receptor activity and different physiological functions. Hyaluronic acid is an intelligent moisturizing factor that can adjust its own water absorption according to the relative humidity of the surrounding environment, and regulate the water balance of cells and tissues. In the skin, these highly moisturizing hyaluronic acid, collagen, elastin, etc. form an extracellular glial matrix containing a large amount of water, giving the skin toughness and elasticity. At the same time, hyaluronic acid also has the effect of scavenging free radicals. As mentioned earlier, free radicals can oxidatively degrade hyaluronic acid, and hyaluronic acid uses this degradation reaction to eliminate free radicals in the body through its own rapid metabolism.
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Hyaluronic acid is also the main component of joint synovial fluid, and its high viscoelasticity plays a vital role in protecting joints. It is a viscous liquid under low impact frequency such as walking, which can reduce the friction between tissues; under high impact frequency such as running, it is an elastic liquid, which can cushion the impact of stress; it is a gel-like elastic body when loaded, acting as a cushion The effect of reducing the pressure on joints. Hyaluronic acid also plays a role in the process of promoting tissue wound healing. It is a recognized main compound in the process. It plays an important role in the activation and regulation of immune response, promoting angiogenesis, and cell proliferation and migration. In the inflammatory phase, high molecular weight hyaluronic acid increases, absorbing water and swelling to produce a porous scaffold suitable for cell migration, inhibiting the migration of neutrophils, and reducing inflammation. In the proliferation phase, hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides promote angiogenesis, promote the migration of fibroblasts to wounded tissues, and build new extracellular matrix. During the reconstruction phase, hyaluronic acid regulates scar formation.
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